Several genera formerly placed in the Cortinariaceae, e.g., Phaeocollybia R. According to the most recent phylogenetic studies, the family Cortinariaceae only includes one genus, Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray. The family Cortinariaceae belongs to suborder Agaricineae, which contains mainly the brown and dark-spored Agaricales with thick-walled and pigmented basidiospores (Matheny et al.
2020), as well as the Peltigeralean backbone (Widhelm et al. 2019 Faircloth 2017) and they have recently been applied in fungal systematics to study lichen-forming Ascomycota families Lobariaceae (Widhelm et al. Enrichment methods have been widely used to study the systematics of plants and animals (e.g., Johnson et al. However, for species-rich groups where hundreds to thousands of samples might be included, targeted capture sequencing provides a more cost-effective alternative (Hale et al. Therefore, in phylogenomics studies of fungi, in depth or shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) have been an affordable option to generate HTS data, with the vast majority of the fungal genomic studies to date having relied on this approach. 2018) and 1.6 to 6.3 Gbp/1C in mammals (Kapusta et al. 2018), compared to those of plants and animals, e.g., ranging 64 Mbp/1C to 140 Gbp/1C in angiosperms (Pellicer et al. 2021) and ~ 50 Mbp/1C in Basidiomycota (Mohanta and Bae 2015 Li et al. 2005), with an average size of ~ 63 Mbp/1C in Ascomycota (Hill et al. 2016).įungal genomes are small, ranging from 7.67 to 720.2 Mbp/1C (Kullman et al. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques have also allowed genomic data to be generated from fungarium specimens (Dentinger et al. 2020) or the evolution of symbiotic traits (Miyauchi et al. These data have been used to tackle macroevolutionary events, e.g., mushroom morphological evolution (Varga et al. Genomic-level data have revolutionized our views on fungal relationships and helped us create better phylogenies for previously unresolved lineages (e.g., Chang et al. This study is the first family revision in Agaricales based on genomics data and hopefully many others will soon follow. The -omics data was produced from fungarium specimens up to 21 years old, demonstrating the value of museum specimens in the study of the fungal tree of life. It provides a cost-efficient way to produce -omics data in species-rich groups. Targeted capture sequencing is used for the first time in fungal taxonomy in Basidiomycetes. The position of Stephanopus in suborder Agaricineae remains to be studied.
In addition, 41 section names and 514 species names are combined in new genera and four lecto- and epitypes designated. Seven genera, 10 subgenera, and four sections are described as new to science and five subgenera are introduced as new combinations in a new rank. Based on our results, a classification of the family Cortinariaceae into ten genera- Cortinarius, Phlegmacium, Thaxterogaster, Calonarius, Aureonarius, Cystinarius, Volvanarius, Hygronarius, Mystinarius, and Austrocortinarius-is proposed. In addition, a wider 5-locus analysis of 245 species, from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, was also done. We used both targeted capture sequencing and shallow whole genome sequencing to produce data and to perform phylogenomic analyses of 75 single-copy genes from 19 species. Genomic approaches have revolutionized our view on fungal relationships and provide a way to tackle difficult groups. The previous attempts to divide Cortinarius have been shown to be unnatural and the phylogenetic studies done to date have not been able to resolve the higher-level classification of the group above section level.
Genus Cortinarius contains a lot of morphological variation, and its complexity has led many taxonomists to specialize in particular on infrageneric groups.
The species are important ectomycorrhizal fungi and form associations with many vascular plant genera from tropicals to arctic regions. Using a hook arrow you shoot the creature and fix the arrow to the ground it will take away constitution once it gets far enough away from the spot you fixed into the ground.Family Cortinariaceae currently includes only one genus, Cortinarius, which is the largest Agaricales genus, with thousands of species worldwide. Stone hook arrows do one damage, iron hook arrows do 2 damage, and goblin club base damage is 6. Using stone hook arrows, iron hook arrows, or a elite goblin’s club you can fatigue a creature. All elementals are tamable but not with hook arrows, using summoning stone and soul suppress stone / small soul suppress stone.
0 kommentar(er)
